Effect of the HIV epidemic on liver cancer in Africa.

نویسندگان

  • Richard J Lessells
  • Graham S Cooke
چکیده

Harm reduction by use of buccalabsorption tobacco products (smokeless tobacco) is at the centre of the debate among health professionals dealing with tobacco-related issues, but uncertainties prevail. John Britton and Richard Edwards (Feb 2, p 441) suggest the establishment of a national nicotine regulatory authority. Nicotine replacement therapies reduce cigarette consumption, but we still do not know whether and to what extent smoking reduction, with or without nicotine replacement therapies, or cigarette substitution by other tobacco products decreases smoking-related morbidity and mortality compared with cessation. Reduction of harm from smoking can and should be seen as a recognition of the failure to get smokers off their drug. Britton and Edwards’ proposal raises some concerns because of the lack of defi nitive answers to a large number of questions. They list some of them, but miss the following: what are the specifi c populations in which these products have to be contraindicated? How do we control for adverse reactions? These products exist somewhere between being medicines and unreguEff ect of the HIV epidemic on liver cancer in Africa

برای دانلود رایگان متن کامل این مقاله و بیش از 32 میلیون مقاله دیگر ابتدا ثبت نام کنید

ثبت نام

اگر عضو سایت هستید لطفا وارد حساب کاربری خود شوید

منابع مشابه

Ensuring HIV Data Availability, Transparency and Integrity in the MENA Region; Comment on “Improving the Quality and Quantity of HIV Data in the Middle East and North Africa: Key Challenges and Ways Forward”

In this commentary, we elaborate on the main points that Karamouzian and colleagues have made about HIV data scarcity in Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) countries. Without accessible and reliable data, no epidemic can be managed effectively or efficiently. Clearly, increased investments are needed to bolster capabilities to capture and interpret HIV surveillance data. We believe that th...

متن کامل

The Elephants in the Room: Sex, HIV, and LGBT Populations in MENA. Intersectionality in Lebanon; Comment on “Improving the Quality and Quantity of HIV Data in the Middle East and North Africa: Key Challenges and Ways Forward”

In response to this insightful editorial, we wish to provide commentary that seeks to highlight recent successes and illuminate the often unspoken hurdles at the intersections of culture, politics, and taboo. We focus on sexual transmission and draw examples from Lebanon, where the pursuit of data in quality and quantity is teaching us lessons about the way forward and where we are experiencing...

متن کامل

Epidemiology and trends in mortality from liver cancer in Iran

Liver cancer is the sixth most common cancer worldwide and the third leading cause of death from cancer. Liver cancer is more prevalent in countries in East Asia, Southeast Asia and the western Central Africa.1 Liver cancer rates in North America and Western Europe, less than 10 cases per hundred thousand people in Asia and Africa between 50-150 cases per hundred thousand people.2 The inc...

متن کامل

Improving the Quality and Quantity of HIV Data in the Middle East and North Africa: Key Challenges and Ways Forward

Although the HIV pandemic is witnessing a decline in the number of new infections in most regions of the world, the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) has a rapidly growing HIV problem. While generating HIV data has been consistently increasing since 2005, MENA’s contribution to the global HIV literature is just over 1% and the existing evidence often falls behind the academic standards. Sever...

متن کامل

ذخیره در منابع من


  با ذخیره ی این منبع در منابع من، دسترسی به آن را برای استفاده های بعدی آسان تر کنید

عنوان ژورنال:
  • Lancet

دوره 371 9623  شماره 

صفحات  -

تاریخ انتشار 2008